Accelerate faster for a shorter time, in theory, except for losses, is basically the same energy.
Being at a higher speed longer would use a little more energy, due to things like aerodynamic losses.
However, the bigger issue involves drawing higher currents from the battery cells. Since there is a cell "resistance" (manifested as a lowered cell voltage when current is drawn from the cell), one gets less energy from the cell when drawing at higher currents.
In drawing 100 amp-hours at low currents, the "average" cell voltage might be "3.5" (providing 350 watt-hours of energy), but at higher currents, the voltage might be only "2.5" (providing only 250 watt-hours of energy).
So, yes, depending upon battery cell chemistry, temperature, etc., there IS a penalty for fast acceleration in a typical EV.