All "Future" battery technology thread

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JRP3 said:
Battery University isn't always an up to date resource, but even they show NCA as lower cost than LiFePO4, and though their graph shows LiTiO as least expensive, further down in their summary table they say the following:

Long life, fast charge, wide temperature range but low specific energy and expensive.
Looking at the graphs I think we may both be making the same mistake in interpretation, but in different cases. I was reading the graphs as if the radial distance indicates worst to best as you go outwards, but if it instead means lowest to highest the contradictions disappear. It only matters which it is in terms of cost, and BU doesn't say which it is .

Another, more detailed source I have at home, probably dating from 2012 as it mentions the Roadster, LEAF and Volt as being available (Unfortunately while I usually write the name, date and author(s) on a xerox when I make it if it isn't already present, I didn't in this case), does say LTO is more expensive, which agrees with you and BU and also with my thought that titanium is expensive.

I suspect, as BU says, that much of the switch from LMO towards NMC is driven as much by longevity as it is by higher capacity. The same source I mentioned above lists the various Li-ion types, and after giving their voltages and specific capacities (in mAh/g rather than Wh/kg.), leaving out Li-Co-O2 here's what it says of each in the comments section:

[Cathodes]
LiMN2O4: Most commonly used in automobile, low cost, acceptable rate capability, poor cycle and calendar life.

LiFEPO4: Low cost, improved abuse tolerance, good cycle life, and power capability, but low capacity and calendar life.

NMC: Lowest cost, high capacity, life is less than NCA.

NCA: Highest capacity, low cost, but safety concerns.

[Anodes]
Graphite: Most commonly used in all applications, low cost.

LTO: Highest cycle and calendar life, but costly and low in energy density.

Silicon: Still in research stage, high energy [3,700 mAh/g!, versus 372 for graphite and 168 for LTO], but large volume expansion during charging [elsewhere stated as up to 270%] need to be solved.

Another academic source, which I believe was in the same collection of articles I copied the first one from contradicts some of the above. It rates each type (not including NMC) by energy and power density, maturity, life expectancy, cost, safety, operating temp characteristics, usable charge range, and application. As it quotes a battery manufacturing cost study from 2010 it must post-date that. Anyway, here's what it has to say, for each at that time (there've undoubtedly been changes in the interim, especially with NCA and LMO). My comments are in [ ]:

Energy density: NCA 170; LMO 150; LMO/LTO 150; LFP 140.

Power density: NCA Highest; LMO Good; LMO/LTO Good; LFP fair.

Maturity: NCA Most proven[?]; LMO Safety and durability needs proving; LMO/LTO safety and durability need proving; LFP electric monitoring needs proving.

Life expectancy: NCA Good, demonstrated 15 years and 350,000 cycles; LMO OK, capacity fading concerns; LMO/LTO Very good; LF Very good.

Cost: NCA High (cobalt and nickel); LMO High; LMO/LTO Highest; LFP lowest.

Safety: NCA Least thermal stability, high charge thermal runaway; LMO better than NCA, some thermal instability expected; LMO/LTO better than LMO and NCA; LFP Best, least risk of overcharge.

Op. Temp characteristics: NCA [blank]; LMO Capacity fades above 40 deg. C, poor charging at low temp; LMO/LTO Capacity fades above 40 deg. C; LFP Poor cold temperature performance.

Usable charge range: NCA Degrade at high charge, approximately 30-70%; LMO Capacity fades with cycling, approximately 30-70%; LMO/LTO 100% charge; LFP 10-100% charge.

Application: NCA Power-assisted HEVs, because of high power density and cycle life; LMO HEV; LMO/LTO HEVs, because of long life, low energy but high power; LFP PHEV and BEV.

What's of additional interest in this last source is that it includes the most comprehensive cost breakdown for Li-ion battery manufacturing I've ever seen, with three bar graphs which divide costs into 'Materials', 'Manufacturing', and 'Other' [Profit, Warranty, Transportation, Marketing, R&D, Corporate O/H], and the total at that time seems to be about $1,100/kWh if I'm reading it right. Each larger category is further divided into cell, module and pack sub-levels, and each sub-level even more specifically in each stage - for instance, the materials cost graph lists costs for cathodes as Active materials, Binder (PVFD), Additives (Carbon), Aluminum foil (if I've got the divider in the right place) then the anode; Graphite, Binder (PVFD), copper foil here or in the next category; Lithium salt, Polyethylene, Tabs/terminals, Container, Yield adjustment, Enclosure (I think this is at the module level), Terminals, Enclosure (pack level?), Connections, Control/Safety circuitry. Similar divisions are present in the other two graphs.

The imprecision is due to the fact that the original source from which the graphs were taken was probably in color but was printed in this book in black & white, making many of the divisions difficult or impossible to determine, even if I weren't trying to read them from a Xerox.

This kind of data is undoubtedly considered a proprietary trade secret by the companies, so it's not surprising that precise cost data is scarce. One of the most surprising statements to me, and what may well be the largest source of cost reduction since then, even more than economies of scale, is that the article states:

"What stands out immediately from Fig. 4.7 [the bar graphs] is the enormous scrap rate, which is estimated to contribute about 25% of total pack cost [ Note, I believe that this refers to the portions of the graphs labeled 'yield adjustment', as they represent the largest single category that are under the control of the manufacturer]. To help put this measure of wasted material in context, while automotive industry standards require scrap rates below 0.1%, battery manufacturers have been found to operate with scrap rates of up to 60%!"
 
NMC: Lowest cost, high capacity, life is less than NCA.

More incorrect information. NMC has higher cycle life than NCA, hence why Tesla uses it in their daily cycling grid storage products instead of NCA. Much of the other data you listed is also inaccurate, I just don't have the time to pick it all apart I'd suggest you toss away any old sources you may have and look for more recent information.
 
JRP3 said:
NMC: Lowest cost, high capacity, life is less than NCA.
More incorrect information. NMC has higher cycle life than NCA, hence why Tesla uses it in their daily cycling grid storage products instead of NCA. Much of the other data you listed is also inaccurate, I just don't have the time to pick it all apart I'd suggest you toss away any old sources you may have and look for more recent information.
That's always the problem with immature technology, as it's a moving target and the relative advantages and disadvantages of different approaches can change over relatively short periods of time. Then there's the problem of definitions - e.g. are they talking about initial or life-cycle costs in a particular case, or are we comparing the same kind of operating service/cycles (DoD etc.), or is it apples and oranges? and finally, there's the difficulty of finding an independent source, as most of the academic researchers, including people like Jeff Dahn, Yet-Ming Chiang , Stan Whittingham or John Goodenough, are all or have been involved in for-profit spin-offs from their university work, so their claims are likely to be less than objective.

Oh, I believe I've identified the source for the two articles that provided conflicting data in my previous post. From my EV Bibliography page, I'm pretty sure they were from

"Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks"; Garcia-Valle, Rodrigo, and Pecas Lopes, Joao, ed.; 2013. This is a collection of articles by various, mostly European authors on different aspects of the subject. Articles range from the fairly non-technical to ones filled with formulas. The fact that English is a second language for many of the authors means some of the articles have awkward syntax, a minor irritation. Beyond the needs of the average owner, but there's some good descriptions of the differences between current Li-ion battery chemistries, what kinds of communications will be necessary for Smart charging, different types of infrastructure needs, forecast demand curves for 5 different EU countries with various levels of EV penetration as of 2030, etc., if you're curious about this sort of thing.

ISTR a couple of the articles were filled with SEM photographs of dendrite formation and discussion of causes of same, i.e. way over my head technically.

A possible source for one of the articles, also listed in the EV Bibliography, is "Electric Vehicles: Technology, Policy and Commercial Development"; Serra, Joao Vitor Fernandez; 2012. Written by an EV enthusiast so less objective than it could be, but provides a good overview of the various issues involved in EVs.
 
Via IEVS:
With Cost Of Cobalt Rising, EV Prices May Increase…Or They Might Not
http://insideevs.com/with-cost-of-cobalt-rising-electric-vehicles-prices-may-increase/
Nikkei reports a high increase in lithium-ion battery making materials such as lithium (go figure) and also cobalt over the past few years, which now could apparently affect battery cell pricing, and in turn, the pricing of EVs themselves.

Cobalt has surged a couple times over the past ~twelve months. . . .

  • “The international price of cobalt, a material used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries, rose to an eight-year high of around $27.50 per pound in mid-April, a 90% increase since the beginning of the year and 2.5 times greater than a year ago. Cobalt is “being bought on the anticipation of increasing demand for use in electric vehicles,” according to an official at a major trading house.”

    “Cobalt is a byproduct of nickel and copper, but supply is falling as mining companies roll back production due to a sluggish copper market and stronger environmental regulations. Some are also worried about instability in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is a major producer of cobalt.”
    .

Separately lithium also is becoming more expensive. Prices are three times higher than two years ago in China (“international benchmark for the metal”). . . .
Chemistries which don't make use of Cobalt (LMO, LFP) might be looked on more favorably at least for shorter-ranged cars, despite their disadvantages of lower Es and (in the case of LMO) poorer longevity/heat tolerance. Or not, as commodity prices always fluctuate due to changes in supply/demand.
 
Via GCC:
First crop of DOE Battery500 seedlings awarded nearly $6M; high-risk, high-reward toward 500 Wh/kg
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2017/07/20170721-doe.html

Announced in 2016, the Battery500 consortium, led by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), intends to build a battery pack with a specific energy of 500 Wh/kg, compared to the 170-200 Wh/kg per kilogram in today’s typical EV battery. (Earlier post.) Achieving this goal would result in a smaller, lighter and less expensive battery, and electric vehicles with significantly extended range.

As part of its efforts, the Battery500 consortium announced the “Seedling” program—new, potentially risky battery technology research projects complementing the core Battery500 research effort (earlier post)—and said it was setting aside a projected 20% of its 5-year, $50-million funding for that purpose, or about $2 million per year. Now, DOE has selected the first crop of seedlings: 15 Phase 1 projects, receiving almost $5.7 million in funding. (Earlier post.) Promising phase 1 awardees will be competitively down-selected at the end of 18 months for a second phase of research. . . .

The Battery500 project is focused on three keystone projects:

  • A high nickel content cathode with a Li-metal anode;

    Sulfur cathode and Li-metal anode; and

    Innovative electrode and cell design.

The Seedling projects are intended to enhance one of the three keystone projects, or to provide new concepts. . . .

Howell said the Battery500 keystone projects themselves are well underway, with full participation in the annual Merit Review planned for next year.

  • Nickel-rich cathodes today (NMC) have somewhere around 30-40% nickel in the cathode itself. To achieve higher energy density goals, Howell said, you need more nickel. However, that can blowback on cycle life. Howell said that some of the researchers are seeing a 30-40% increase in capacity through using a different binder technology in conjunction with a Li-metal system. He expects a first baseline cell by the end of the first fiscal year and a test by the end of the calendar year.

    Sulfur coupled with Li metal has the highest energy density outside of Li air systems, Howell said. While there are still huge gains to be made even falling short of the theoretical capacity of the system, there are also significant problems, he noted. Dendrite growth with a Li metal anode can short out the cell within 10-30 cycles. There are a lot of good ideas on how to mitigate those issues, Howell said—but it will take time.

    We have made a lot of progress in the past in Li-ion technology. We are taking the expertise and refocusing it on the longer term issues. If we can achieve our targets, that would result in a significant boost in the performance of batteries and a significant reduction in cost.

    —David Howell. . . .
 
Green Car Congress reports on a new class of solid electrolyte for Li-ion batteries:
Green Car Congress said:
Researchers at Hasselt University in Belgium are proposing a new class of solid composite electrolytes (SCEs) for Li-ion batteries: deep eutectic solvent (DES)–silica composites. The DES-based gel electrolytes—to which the team refers as eutectogels (ETGs)—are characterized by high ionic conductivity (1.46 mS cm–1), thermal (up to 130 °C) and electrochemical stability (up to 4.8 V), and are chemically inert to solvents and water.

These ETGs can be easily processed—potentially at lower costs—than ionic-liquid-based composite electrolytes. In a paper in the ACS journal Chemistry of Materials, the team reports that the good prospects of ETGs for application in Li/Li-ion batteries are demonstrated by stable cycling of Li/ETG/LiFePO4 cells over 100 cycles at C/10.
The word "gel" gives me pause based on the problems experienced in Pb-acid batteries with gelled electrolyte. The gel often would liquify at high current densities causing voids next to the battery electrodes. Hopefully this approach doesn't have the same problems as the Pb-acid counterpart at high current densities. But the fact that testing was done at C/10 makes me wonder if this electrolyte has similar problems.
 
The gel in lead batteries is water-based AFAIK, while the gel in the above battery is not. I assume it has a much higher melting/boiling point than water-containing electrolyte.
 
I can't really follow all the science but it does seem like the folks who are predicting Li batteries, Solar panels, EV's etc to follow the same trajectory of decreasing price and increasing performance that previous technologies followed (eg PC's, IC's, now cell phones, etc) may be right.
 
New battery with 500 Wh/kg and 1000 Wh/L is set to go into production this year:
InsideEVs said:
Sion Power developed 20 Ah cells (10 cm x 10 cm x 1 cm) with metallic lithium thin film anode (and traditional lithium-ion intercalation cathode) that substantially increases energy density compared to what’s available on the market today:

500 Wh/kg
1,000 Wh/L
450 cycles

The number of charging cycles is lower than in current electric car batteries, but it’s partially offset by the high energy density (so a higher capacity pack needs less full cycles).

Sion Power targets unmanned aerial vehicles and electric vehicles among many applications and envisions first deliveries to selected partners by the end of 2018.
The call it HE NMC, but it appears to be a hybrid between Li-ion and Li-air. Perhaps? Since this battery appears to include metallic lithium, I will question two things about it: 1) Energy efficiency and 2) safety. The first will prevent it from ever replacing Li-ion in applications, such as cars, which are fine with the current specific energy and energy density of Li-ion batteries. It may even prevent it from making inroads into things like semi trucks which actually need the higher value of specific energy since it will increase energy costs. The exceptions will be the cases where there are high operational costs that result from Li-ion limitations.

Here is a pictorial of the battery layup:

Slide16.PNG


They also claim that cycle life suffers at higher energy density:
Slide20.PNG

Frankly, the EXACT same thing is true of NMC without their "LicerionTM" technology. Also note that the specific energy of the "high" cycle life version on the left is only 300 Wh/kg. That's lower than the latest NMC811s on the market.
 
Via GCR:
Silicon anodes to boost lithium-ion battery capacity within a few years
https://www.greencarreports.com/new...thium-ion-battery-capacity-within-a-few-years

. . . Now, however, battery engineers suggest that more of a step change may arrive by 2020 to 2022—potentially double-digit increases in the energy storage capacity of individual cells.

The new developments were summarized Sunday by The Wall Street Journal (subscription may be required). What was pure laboratory research five years ago is now moving closer to production.

The "secret sauce" is the use of anodes made from silicon, rather than the graphite (essentially crystalline carbon) used almost across the board in today's cells. . . .

Theoretically, silicon could absorb and hold many times the number of lithium ions that carbon can, but limiting that process to prevent destruction of the anode is just one of the many technical challenges to making such cells practical. Today's graphite anodes blend small amounts of silicon into the carbon to boost range, but most likely 10 percent or less.

The Wall Street Journal piece focuses on several startup companies that claim to be close to production-ready cells with anodes largely made from silicon . . . Using nanoparticles to ensure the cells have plenty of space for lithium ions to be absorbed without swelling or shattering the anode, those makers claim capacity increases of 20 to 40 percent over the best comparable graphite-anode cells.

Now being tested around the world by dozens of potential customers, these so-called lithium-silicon cells will appear first in small versions used in high-end consumer electronics devices. The timeline there is expected to be roughly two years, likely meaning early 2020. But using them in electric cars will require far more durability and stress testing, to ensure they will last not just the two or three years required for a mobile phone but over a vehicle life of 10 to 15 years.

BMW has said it will use cells from Sila Nanotechnologies in a plug-in electric vehicle by 2023. The German luxury maker plans to spend €200 million ($246 million) to establish and staff its own battery-research center for future plug-in vehicles planned throughout the 2020s. The greater safety and durability margins required for automotive battery packs may somewhat lessen the impact of the new anode technology. BMW, for example, expects a battery capacity boost of 10 to 15 percent above the increases projected from today's lithium-graphite cells, a company spokesperson told the Wall Street Journal. . . .
Direct link to WSJ article (subscription req.):
The Battery Boost We’ve Been Waiting for Is Only a Few Years Out
https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-ba...aiting-for-is-only-a-few-years-out-1521374401
 
RegGuheert on Jun 21 said:
z0ner said:
"The Dual Carbon Battery...
Here's a more recent article on this battery: Japanese Organic Cotton Battery to Revolutionize Electric Vehicles

This article contains a few interesting quotes:
Industry Leaders Magazine said:
The Ryden battery has five advantages over lithium-ions as mentioned above. It can charge 20times faster than lithium-ion batteries. It has over 3,000 charge and discharge cycles, making it extremely dependable. It’s easy to manufacture and doesn’t use any rare metals in the making. The Ryden battery is extremely safe and runs at a steady temperature, reducing the risk of fire and explosion hazards. Finally, the battery is 100% recyclable.
They really do portray this as the Holy Grail of batteries.
Industry Leaders Magazine said:
Not long from now, the Japanese Le Mans auto racing group, Team Taisan, reported its association with PowerJapan Plus to create Ryden batteries for an electric vehicle it hope to race with one day. The first step towards making it possible, they say, is a Ryden-fueled electric go-kart that is presently slated to begin test driving in August. In the PJP-Taisan announcement video, Taisan Team owner Yatsune Chiba says it had long ago attempted to race Tesla electric cars however experienced issues with its batteries overheating.

“We have faced a number of issues with electric vehicle batteries up until now,” says Chiba in the accompanying press announcement. “The Ryden battery from Power Japan Plus is the solution we have been searching for. We will first develop a battery capable of withstanding the rigorous demands of racing, before advancing the technology for use in commercial applications.”
I find it interesting that they use the Tesla battery as the reference that they are working against in the racing arena.

This technology will be interesting to watch to see if it can live up to its promises.
I have looked back at this company a few times over the past few years and there was nothing but hype on their website. Now they actually have data on their website. Here is the data found there (it's all one picture):

data1.jpg


This looks like a great potential solution for stationary storage applications.
 
Via GCC:
GM researchers posit simple model to assist in balancing high energy density vs fast charging in EV design
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/03/20180326-gm.html

  • . . . We are at a crossroads in terms of balancing two promising technologies: (1) higher energy density (Wh/L) and specific energy (Wh/kg) batteries, relative to today’s conventional graphite/metal-oxide lithium ion systems, and (2) fast-charge capability, defined here as greater than Level 2 charging, or greater than about 20 kW. Currently in the United States, conventional Level 2 charging of 6.6 kW is available in homes and various community locations. In the ideal case, high energy batteries would be able to accommodate fast charge, but two of the most promising high-energy cell technologies, i.e., cells employing Si-enhanced or Li-metal negative electrodes, are problematic insofar as they cannot at present accept fast charging without significant degradation in cell life.

    … The tradeoff between high-energy, as provided by cells with Li-Si and Li metal negative electrodes, and fast-charge capability, which can be obtained from conventional lithium ion cells employing lithiated graphite or titanate negative electrodes, for examples, poses a dilemma in the design of electric vehicles (EVs).


    —Verbrugge and Wampler. . . .
 
Via IEVS:
SK Innovation Postpones NCM 811 Batteries
https://insideevs.com/sk-innovation-postpones-ncm-811-batteries/

The new NCM 811 batteries (nickel:cobalt:manganese at a ratio of 8:1:1) will enter the plug-in car market later than anticipated.
SK Innovation announced in 2017 that it will start production of punch cells (NCM 811) for plug-in cars in the second half of 2018 in South Korea, which was followed by LG Chem, who promised to release these cells even sooner.

Now, it seems that SK Innovation postponed the NCM 811 (new target is 2019) and will continue with NCM 622 for the Kia Niro EV.

The 811 will be used for energy storage systems though.

Additionally, LG Chem will produce NCM 811 but only in cylindrical format for electric buses.

It seems that the NCM 811 is not yet ready for prime time – the cause could be limited trust from car manufacturers for the new tech – so the introduction will be small-scale. If it works, then orders will come in and production will ramp up. . . .
 
University of Michigan researchers claim to have achieved a safe, fast elemental Li anode capability using a novel ceramic solid-state electrolyte: Did U Of M Come Up With Solid-State Battery Breakthrough?:
InsideEVs quoting the University of Michigan News said:
“Up until now, the rates at which you could plate lithium would mean you’d have to charge a lithium metal car battery over 20 to 50 hours (for full power),” Sakamoto said. “With this breakthrough, we demonstrated we can charge the battery in 3 hours or less.

“We’re talking a factor of 10 increase in charging speed compared to previous reports for solid state lithium metal batteries. We’re now on par with lithium ion cells in terms of charging rates, but with additional benefits. ”

That charge/recharge process is what inevitably leads to the eventual death of a lithium ion battery. Repeatedly exchanging ions between the cathode and anode produces visible degradation right out of the box.

In testing the ceramic electrolyte, however, no visible degradation is observed after long term cycling, said Nathan Taylor, a U-M post-doctoral fellow in mechanical engineering.

“We did the same test for 22 days,” he said. “The battery was just the same at the start as it was at the end. We didn’t see any degradation. We aren’t aware of any other bulk solid state electrolyte performing this well for this long.”
This breakthrough reminds me of the presentation Dr. Jeff Dahn made about the issues of Li-Air batteries when compared to Li-ion. I wonder if Dr. Dahn's concerns are still valid or if the issues are now resolve (or mostly resolved).

I suspect one issue that cannot be overcome with this battery is low efficiency. According to Dr. Dahn's presentation, the difference in voltage involved in electroplating and electrostripping means the efficiency of the battery can never reach 80%. Depending on the other specifications, that may or may not be fatal when compared with Li-ion's round-trip efficiency of over 98%. I suspect some applications will require the higher efficiency while some may be able to withstand the additional losses IF some other specification is very compelling.
 
Via IEVS:
Zinc air battery project claims $100/kwh cost, could be headed to vehicles
https://www.greencarreports.com/new...aims-100-kwh-cost-could-be-headed-to-vehicles

. . . The firm NantEnergy has made some new and exceptional claims about its latest zinc air batteries: that they can be reliably recharged thousands of times, that the tech can be extended to cars in the future, and that they already clear the $100-per-kwh manufacturing-cost barrier—right now, in 2018.

NantEnergy’s so-called Air Breathing Rechargeable Storage uses electricity to convert zinc oxide to zinc and oxygen, then the battery takes in air, which oxidizes the zinc, generating electrons.

Its breakthrough in the latest cells, it says, allows the zinc to retain its charge for an extended period, as well as repeat the charge/discharge cycle thousands of times. We've reached out to the company for information on how they've accomplished this and may update this story or cover it in greater depth in the future when we hear back.

The company’s owner, Dr. Soon-Shiong, is a biotech entrepreneur and the owner of the Los Angeles Times and part-owner of the LA Lakers. NantEnergy sees a $50 billion market for the technology—in buses, trains, scooters and, yes, eventually, electric cars; and it intends to start scaling up production in 2019, according to a recent piece in the New York Times.

So far NantEnergy has been targeting grid storage and solar projects, some of which are in Africa. The company already claims that its rechargeable zinc air cells are the sole source of power to 200,000 people and put to use in 1,000 cell tower sites.

The many barriers for zinc air technology up until now included manufacturing feasibility as well as recharging issues. Earlier zinc air batteries could also fail with dirty or contaminated ambient air. Zinc air batteries (any air batteries) have the potential to be lighter than conventional batteries, because the only need one pole. The other is the air. . . .

A report late last year from Bloomberg New Energy Finance, surveying more than 50 companies, found the average cost of an electric-car battery pack to be $209/kwh. In Tesla’s June 5 investor call, Elon Musk said that Tesla expects to hit a cell cost of $100/kwh later this year.

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, the battery pack in the Tesla Model 3 costs $190 per kwh, while the one used in the Chevrolet Bolt EV, for 2017, was estimated to be $205 per kwh.
 
^ this seems too good to be true. Are these commercially available, meaning can I buy one to hook up to my (future) solar system and go off-grid? I don't doubt that they have an installed base already but there must be a reason why Tesla's power wall is getting so much more attention than these NantEnergy modules. Is it cost? longevity? marketing? or ???
 
goldbrick said:
^ this seems too good to be true. Are these commercially available, meaning can I buy one to hook up to my (future) solar system and go off-grid? I don't doubt that they have an installed base already but there must be a reason why Tesla's power wall is getting so much more attention than these NantEnergy modules. Is it cost? longevity? marketing? or ???

I found this https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180926005265/en/NantEnergy-Announces-Largest-Global-Deployment-Novel%C2%A0Air-Breathing
 
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